can enter the upper respiratory tract

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Air quality do you really know? Now, more and more public attention to the air quality situation broadcast, but there are a lot of public curiosity in the end the air quality index is calculated based on which contaminants? Various levels of pollution which harm us? For all the questions about air quality, Shijiazhuang Environmental Monitoring Center deputy chief Zhang Lingzhi eleven gives plain answers. Our reporter Li Wei
 
People will die five minutes without breathing
 
Clean air is one of the environmental factors and biological survival of mankind, normal atmosphere containing mainly nitrogen is good for plant growth and human, animal necessary oxygen, but also contains a small amount of carbon dioxide and other gases. An adult breathing around 20,000 times a day, the inhaled air is about 10 cubic meters -15 cubic meters daily food requirements of 10 times, people do not breathe if five minutes will die.
 
What is air pollution?
 
With the rapid development of industry and transport, a large number of hazardous substances in particular heavy use of coal and oil, will produce such as: dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and other emissions into the atmosphere, when the concentration exceed environmental limits and can allow for a certain time, it will change the normal composition of the atmosphere,piumini moncler, destroy the physical, chemical and ecological balance of natural systems, thereby endangering human health, natural resources and property damage and so on. This situation to be known as atmospheric pollution.
 
Atmospheric pollution substance known as atmospheric pollutants. Many types of atmospheric pollutants, their presence in the state, can basically be divided into two categories: the gaseous pollutants and aerosols status contaminants.
 
Gaseous pollutants, harmful gases present concern is sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), hydrocarbons (CH) and halogen compounds.
 
Aerosols means negligible sedimentation rate of solid particles, liquid, or solid and liquid particles of ions in the gas medium suspension, collectively referred to as suspended particles. Suspended particulate matter in the air is usually divided into total suspended particles (TSP), respirable particulate matter (PM10), particulate matter into the lungs (PM2.5). TSP and PM10, PM2.5 there is a relationship between the particle size layers included as part of the TSP that is PM10, PM2.5 and PM10 is part of.
 
  particulates
 
Sources of emissions of particulate matter many species, such as a variety of boiler combustion, industrial processes, vehicle emissions,louboutin soldes femme, construction dust,http://roda-store.jp, all kinds of yard dust, dust road transport, road cleaning dust, straw burning, waste incineration,louboutin soldes pas cher, diet soot emissions, farmland farming,http://www.altritaliani.net/spip.php?article213, livestock breeding, home improvement dust and gas, volatile organic compounds released by plants, pollen, bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms individual and so on.
 
In general, the particle size of 2.5 microns to 10 microns thick dust particles come from a variety of combustion and extensive, low collection efficiency of emission sources; 2.5 microns or less fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is mainly from the burning of fossil fuels (such as vehicle exhaust, coal), volatile organic compounds and secondary generation.
 
Fine particulate matter caused by the haze on human health hazards even bigger than the sandstorm. Particle size of 10 microns or more of particulate matter, will be shut out of the human nasal cavity; particle size between 2.5 micron to 10 micron particles, can enter the upper respiratory tract, and some may be excreted through sputum, etc. In addition will be the nasal cavity fluff inside the barrier, a relatively small harm to human health; and particle size of 2.5 microns or less fine particulate matter, the equivalent diameter of 1/20 the size of a human hair, can be directly inhaled into the bronchial after interference lungs gas exchange, triggering including aspects asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular disease and other diseases.
 
The physical structure of the body's decision to PM2.5 without any filtering, blocking ability. Into the alveoli of dust can be absorbed quickly,http://www.radio-gresivaudan.org/spip.php?article1643, without going through the liver detoxification distributed directly into the blood circulation to the body; secondly impair the ability of hemoglobin transport oxygen. Anemia and blood circulation disorder patients, may have serious consequences. As can aggravate respiratory diseases, and even lead to congestive heart failure and coronary heart disease and so on.
 
Everyone contribution PM2.5
 
Fine particles mainly come from human activities such as burning coal in the energy industry, motor vehicle exhaust emissions,air max 90 pas cher, the metal smelting process cold metal vapor condensation knot burning stove residents. Furthermore, into the atmosphere of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and other gaseous pollutants after a chemical reaction may be formed smaller particle size particles.
 
Cigarette smoke particle diameter mostly in the 0.1 to 1.0 micron. The results showed that cigarette smoke in a closed compartment, the concentration of PM2.5 will instantly increase 25-fold to 680ug / m3. So just like the smoke in the compartment directly facing the same car exhaust pipe.
 
Motor vehicle emissions of urban pollution "contribution rate" of more than 50%, some even up to 70% of the total emissions. Whether it is gasoline or diesel vehicles, will have PM2.5, some more diesel vehicles produced. Meanwhile, car exhaust some gaseous pollutants will be converted to a secondary fine particulate matter. Motor vehicles surged, leading to urban road congestion, vehicle walk, exacerbated by pollution emissions.
 
Daily life in order to reduce PM2.5 emissions, most people can do is to use less vehicles, usually less electricity, saving energy.
 
Sulfur dioxide
 
Sulphur dioxide is the most common sulfur oxides. Colorless gas with a strong pungent odor. It is one of the main pollutants in the atmosphere.
 
Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and therefore generate sulfur dioxide when burned. When sulfur dioxide is dissolved in water, it will form sulfurous acid (the main component of acid rain). If the further oxidation of sulfur dioxide, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nitrogen dioxide, will produce sulfuric acid. Hazard sulfur dioxide is that it is often with atmospheric particulates together, humans and other animals into the lungs, or in combination with high altitude water vapor into the acid precipitation, and the flora and fauna of the hazard.
 
Sulfur dioxide is easily absorbed by the mucosal surface moist generate sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid. Eye and respiratory mucosa have a strong stimulating effect. Inhalation of large amounts can cause pulmonary edema, laryngeal edema, vocal cord spasms caused the suffocation. Mild poisoning occurs tearing, photophobia, cough, pharynx, larynx burning like; severe poisoning can occur within hours pulmonary edema; Inhalation of high concentrations can cause reflex spasm of the glottis caused the suffocation. Skin or eye contact occurs inflammation or burns. Chronic effects: Long-term exposure to low concentration, may have headaches, dizziness, fatigue and other symptoms, and chronic rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, impaired sense of smell and taste like.
 
Nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides
 
NOx refers to compounds only of nitrogen, oxygen, is composed of two elements. Nitrogen oxides include a variety of compounds, in addition to nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides are other very unstable when exposed to light, heat becomes wet or nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide changes. Therefore, occupational environmental exposures is often called smoke mixture of several gases (air), mainly nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide-based.
 
Nitrogen oxides have varying degrees of toxicity. Natural emissions of nitrogen oxides, mainly from the soil and decomposition of organic matter in the ocean, are the nitrogen cycle in nature. Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides from fossil fuel combustion processes most, such as automobiles,http://www.huali-hld.com/news/html/?3698.html, aircraft, engine and industrial furnace combustion process; also from the production process using nitric acid, such as nitrogen fertilizer plant, organic intermediates plant, colored and ferrous metal smelter.
 
Nitrogen oxides damaging effects on the environment is great, it is both one of the main substance of acid rain, but also the formation of photochemical smog in the atmosphere is an important material and an important factor in ozone depletion. Sources of nitrogen oxides can irritate the lungs and makes more difficult to resist the cold like the respiratory system diseases, respiratory system problems, such as asthma, they will be more susceptible to the impact of nitrogen dioxide. For children, nitrogen oxides may cause lung development impaired.
 
  ozone
 
Ozone is a kind of trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere, containing three oxygen atoms. More than 90% of atmospheric ozone is present in the upper atmosphere, or stratosphere, ground there 10-50 kilometers, this is the human need to protect the ozone layer. There are a small number of ozone molecules hovering near the ground, still have a role to block ultraviolet light. However, in recent years found near ground ozone concentration in the atmosphere rapidly increasing trend,http://grand-lome.org/spip.php?article33, it is people feel the worst of times.
 
These ozone is where to come out of it? It is derived from human activities, cars, fuel, petrochemical, and other important sources of ozone. Studies have shown that the concentration of ozone in the air caused by the reaction of certain personnel 0.5-1ppm, a long time will feel dry mouth, discomfort, concentration in 1-4ppm cause people to cough. As a strong oxidant, ozone react with almost any biological tissue. When ozone is inhaled respiratory tract, it will soon react with cells in the respiratory tract, fluid and tissue, leading to reduced lung function and tissue damage. For those suffering from asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis, people who harm the ozone becomes more apparent.
 
Ambient Air Quality Index
 
Our ambient air quality using the Air Quality Index (AQI) was evaluated. Air pollution index is used to determine the classification and the corresponding concentration of pollutants pollution index based on environmental quality standards and the air pollutants on human health and the environment.
 
From 2013 he began publishing the AQI index is divided into six levels:
 
When AQI index between 0-50, the air quality situation as "excellent";
 
When AQI index between 51-100, the air quality situation as "good";
 
When AQI index between 101-150, air quality status is "light pollution";
 
When AQI index between 151-200, air quality status is "moderately polluted";
 
When AQI index between 201-300,doudoune moncler femme, air quality status is "heavily polluted";
 
When AQI index greater than 300, the air quality situation as "serious pollution."
 
What is the "burst table",http://115.28.5.85/discuz!/viewthread.php?tid=401731&extra=?
 
Haze-prone period, the air quality index AQI easy reach extreme value, "burst table" has become a public hot words, then, "burst table." What does that mean? "Burst table" usually refers to the instrument pointer exceeds the limit shown in the above table, it is specific to the air quality, AQI index a maximum of 500, when the AQI over 500 (which reached serious pollution), so-called "burst table," the.
 
The "burst table" means at least one pollutant monitoring data over AQI corresponding pollutant concentration limits. In a "burst table" climate, as citizens, do a good job of self-protection measures, there should also be conscious not to increase the burden on urban air pollution,http://www.mapfan.com/spotdetail.cgi, such as little as possible to drive the streets, promote green travel.
 
Man-made pollution is the culprit
 
Air pollution is a complex phenomenon, at a specific time and place, the concentration of air pollutants by many factors. Size anthropogenic emissions from fixed and mobile sources is one of the main factors affecting the ambient air quality. Urban development density, topography and weather and other objective conditions are also important factors affecting air quality. The main meteorological factors affecting the diffusion of atmospheric pollutants are wind direction, wind speed, precipitation,http://bbs.cqycms.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=3139628071, heat island effect, inversion weather, atmospheric stability, sunshine intensity, the air relative humidity.
 
(Original title: together to read air quality)